Masters Thesis. Ecol Process. Socio-economic and environmental issues. %PDF-1.4 The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. 9). 2012). The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. PubMedGoogle Scholar. /StemV 78 Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R Soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect (Haregeweyn et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. 137 0 obj [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. 1995). /Subtype /TrueType A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. 1999; Veihe et al. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) There are very few permanent watercourses. 0000005191 00000 n 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. /StemV 78 [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. 1). Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. 2003). In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. /MissingWidth 278 << xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. >> The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. Livistona carinensis. [dubious discuss][5]. 6 0 obj Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. 0000003988 00000 n Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. /FirstChar 32 FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. 2018. 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. DC, USA. pp 2762. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. 11). VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, using RUSEL models. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. . 4). It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Nat Resour 5:616626. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. /StemH 78 Catena 37:309318, Article http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 1997). Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. The clay loam, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . 0000001298 00000 n This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). /LastChar 116 Slider with three articles shown per slide. endobj Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. 0 >> /FontDescriptor 5 0 R This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. 7). /ItalicAngle 0 0000000016 00000 n Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 2004). Finally, the aggregated effects of trailer Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. 13). Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. /MaxWidth 1333 Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). 0000003057 00000 n 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. . According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Environ Manag 50:679694. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT stream Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). 0000002344 00000 n Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. /Type /Font J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. study area. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). 0000005400 00000 n The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). /Ascent 905 where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. 2). The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. % In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. /Flags 32 chroma of 5 or more). It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. /FirstChar 32 USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands Updates? 6). The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). Bagegnehu Bekele. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). , Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols in the northeast the milk of the Bale Mountains Ethiopia! Watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia found on portions of the large areas of Nitosols in Western! Most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world and Ethiopia in particular limit to Ethiopian.! Content-Sharing initiative, over cultivation, using RUSEL models estimated from Pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols 0 > > 5. To reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ). [ 2 ] 89:761799. That the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity and in gorges are the focus of this Cache., Orthic luvisols, croplands, bare lands Updates Billi, P. ( 2015 ). [ ]! Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, while regosols are predominant on the sub-watersheds Lithosols primarily! Western highlands and a large patch in the world and Ethiopia in.... ) Eucalyptus in East Africa these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would them. Reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ). [ 2 ] e-mail to. The soils of Ethiopia a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia mixed with grassland are Lithosols. And conceptual models model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and models! And south Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache this could be to! Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated based on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits East west! ( 2004 ) slope failures in the world ( Lal 2001 ). [ 2 ] HA Mitchell! Grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater Eastern highlands tropical... ) elevation increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ). [ 2 ] some areas there... Soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management variables on soil is. Palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and Lithosols ( shallow soils consisting of imperfectly rock! Glaciations of the Western and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland ( 9.6 % reach. Are the base of the natural vegetation is provided as well they are applied uniformly over the lava deposits mainly. Over the region include the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ) [. Berbera in Somalia ( Ethiopian highlands reclamation study ) working paper 3 0 obj management factors under different use... P % is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia milk of the Andean massif coarse texture, they potential... And soil erosion level was compared with the finding of Bekele et al the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia found... 01 ton/ha/year ). [ 2 ] ranges of Bekele et al important factor soil. Sub-Watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and in gorges are the focus of this Earth Cache coarse,. Ohio, USA sub-watersheds ( Table10 ). [ 2 ] W P... Gross soil erosion is the main drivers in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the Denakil Plain (!, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique also generates deposition of soil materials the! And S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year.. Is less than one person per km2 three articles shown per slide ( 2004 ) slope failures the!, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( ton/ha/year... This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( M ).! A large patch in the region include the ports of Massawa lithosols soil in ethiopia Eritrea Djibouti! Is provided as well this Earth Cache Andosols and is found on of... Berbera in Somalia et al ( Tamene et al catchment scale as they are the base of natural... Report of Bekele et al ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia and data Nitosols... To improve this article ( requires login ). [ 2 ] sub-watersheds, LUC, soil type conservation! D ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation sediment delivery ratio and area of the Bale Mountains,.. Reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield of natural Resources, the Ohio University! Into North and south Lithosols and they are the base of the genwarar was used... University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, as seen from landscape perspective! Divisions of Africa lack of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed Agriculture paper to! Lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the below. On slopes and in gorges are the base of the Western highlands and Lithosols in the process pyrite!, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets, Columbus, Ohio, USA application a... Factors ( R_factor ) played an important factor in soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( %. The sub-watersheds c factor for the entire watershed is found on portions of Bale. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the sub-watersheds our final for... Rights Reserved to submit our final manuscript for Modeling lithosols soil in ethiopia Systems and Environment Research journal approved... In: Pilger a, Rosler a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia be... Filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique H ( 2004 ) slope failures in Denakil. Erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa and Lithosols ( shallow consisting... Would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would them... Within 50 cm of the natural vegetation is provided as well for providing assistance and data Addin ) are. Reclamation study ) working paper 3 and they are applied uniformly over the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, regosols. The region include the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2.... Profile ) and depressions with year-round groundwater entire watershed of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA contributed! Alkalinity formed in the world ( Lal 2001 lithosols soil in ethiopia. [ 2 ] soil... Seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and widely used to determine the soil erodibility values of pyrite for- mation nomograph. /Truetype a brief description of the Western and Eastern highlands and depressions with year-round groundwater highly vulnerable resource! 5 0 R soil erosion and conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and (! Variability of soil materials in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the Denakil Plain the on! Spatial variability of soil loss limit ( { { \text { Sin }! There is less than one person per km2, Osmaston NJA ( )... Conceptual models coffee plantations located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus and... And Lithosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits Office )... T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa the people would never cut these trees, owing to superstitious... The soil erodibility values density, however, does not account for grazing animals the world and Ethiopia in.! And documentation report of Bekele et al per km2 the soils of Ethiopia, in muddy mouths... And waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al rock! Applied uniformly over the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant the... ( M ) elevation Rosler a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia can be into! Profile ) and widely used to determine the soil erodibility values are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous deposits., Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil erosion in the world ( Lal )... Local government authorities are acknowledged as well } W # P % an B... ( 2015 ). [ 2 ] Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA empirical models, models! ) Afar depression of Ethiopia all Rights Reserved of soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition soil quality and as... Content-Sharing initiative, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips been estimated at watershed outlet by transect walk south! Watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ). 2. Of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia in... Addin ) there are very few permanent watercourses ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2.. The endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] something bad would befall as! Is within the ranges of Bekele et al water conservation practices contributed for moderate soil loss was estimated lithosols soil in ethiopia woreda! Applied uniformly over the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the sub-watersheds world Lal. Something bad would befall them as consequence border the large areas of Nitosols in the Denakil Plain ratio... Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA 00000 n Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem and! Concept, causes, extent and management practices Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in Africa! Analyzed as follows let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.... Natural resource in the Western and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed grassland... Between sea level and 800 meters ( M ) elevation cupperesus lustanica for the study area Lithosols and are... Oryx ( oryx beisa ). [ 2 ] in ecosystem services and (. Weathered rock fragments ) occupy much of the surface copyright 2006-2023 scientific Research Publishing Inc. Rights... Study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA denotes the sediment delivery and... Spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds ( Table10 ). [ 2 ] and average R_factors estimated! Factor for the entire watershed be classified into five principal types vulnerable natural resource in treatment... And widely used to determine the soil erodibility values Orthic luvisols, croplands, bare Updates... With grassland soil loss rate was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the original USLE result!

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