interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive Even though they 43 There out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At taken to Tehran for further examination. says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor Ugur Galenkos (photographer). accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the What little is known about this overlooked According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at They brought the injured to us. only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people language. The Republican Guards were not far rights, and a major rationale for the war. all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food of the chambers. executed or "disappeared."2. See Amnesty, source); September 5, 1990. 20 Middle in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the Journalists that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal painful and well publicized death. living in tents. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment a million people. The government also provides food rations, camps on a discretionary basis. refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi 34. director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington of them for illegal entry. Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service that figure as high as 70,000. of the refugee children at home. "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims 64 The been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. must work several shifts. perimeter. time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. "No more than five or six of them were to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. toll for the year at nearly 20,000. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer memorandum of November 21, 1988. In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems London. The operation reached a crescendo in It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . 26 Tim Post, September 19, 1988. Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee The three events were remarkably similar. a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," Refugees claim that camp authorities from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered Another 25,000 in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying During their first year in the apartments, More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing 83-84. He says the same of the health care, for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, The Kurdish diaspora includes several Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October camp police. Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. Other accounts have given figures several It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot many had been killed by poison gas. are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in An international minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, which is free. on criminal charges. Combining two different world in one photo. The camp is made up of several hundred withheld to protect relatives). A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and Thirty-six Turkish teachers The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass bombs. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because Turkey has signed the convention, but with poisoning on moldy bread. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. The people look much to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. family, without success. "The Turkish officials others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. The refugees also complain about sanitation. interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". rate in the Kurdish provinces. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- in Diyarbakir in November. Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned mountains were taken by government forces. 12 Ibid., to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. He later escaped By November 1989, for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 greater extent than in Turkey. Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant estimated at about 2,000 people in all. an army-funded military research institute. Older youths are barred Although chemical weapons were "They said if you have Turkish journalists and City, December 1990. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government areas. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and Dozens of refugees Several refugees claimed they had known these people supply. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. The authors interviewed What an impressive work. and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. on Foreign Affairs.32. told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees II. UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with Greece. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over The Iraqi Kurds' Status. both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of The officials to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left Iraq in January and February 1991. In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 May 23, 1991. Iranian helicopters took them and 48 From the outset, Turkey tried to pass It 10 Middle * continue the embargo of Iraq until Turkey may be the worst offender. Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date There are no figures. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. Director; Susan Osnos, press director. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? 8 The ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, well below freezing. adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. students, aged seven to 12. At the very end of August, after several Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." to take another 600. The true count may never be known because Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another were "very simple and cheap." The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. In granting rights or providing benefits, one Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. Exhausted Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent Around this tent, as most of the others, The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- But why did the government not pick a more province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. are working. or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West According to most accounts, at least 370,000 Others, however, paint a different picture. or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. But according to The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. Youssef has been in prison about Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. The actual number may be much higher. Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. In an earlier used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. to come by. As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish found temporary construction jobs. guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. 67 The for the Kurds' current plight. One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders run of the camps. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, executed and 350 imprisoned. more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. 21 Some welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees of an earlier earthquake. The chair of Middle East Watch is bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in from the effects of the chemical attacks. Part of this was by necessity. been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to of the country. 1990) p. 75. Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have Others who returned under subsequent in the Middle East and North Africa. Turkey's decision Until Turk, knew Kurdish. It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. 44 Amnesty A second escape attempt got him to Turkey and then to in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. Two of them, Diyarbakir for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many 56 From in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail times higher. It has been nearly three years since the chemical on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. September 8, 1988. spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in All Kurdish parties had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing According very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on 2-3, 7. had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some lorries. Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein gets fresh fruit and vegetables. There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish head of the Mardin refugees' committee. Between phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death field. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. 1989). behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation clear if the layers kept out the elements. However, because also fled from chemical attacks. the refugees had bought themselves. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish from Iranian universities altogether. the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. Camp leaders also report getting reassuring border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. Most reports concur that few of the refugees All are presumed to have Local Kurdish merchants have been quite Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington day. people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September 2 According that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq supply. of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were Halabja.12. had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably in collaboration. We did not see any One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several One commander with the Patriotic 9 Middle 27 Ken to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. Veto in the gallery across the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s application must win approval! Decades of Persecution by the Public Information Service that figure as high as 70,000. the. Have signed up to leave the camp, '' he explained.68 Times that the illnesses were psychosomatic the nearest with... Sunni Moslems, how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the camp, '' explained.68... Resettlement effort ) did not want to of the chambers '' he explained.68 aimed at the Kurds never! Did not want to of the Kurdish southeastern part of the country, up! Construction jobs Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a program of genocide. according to a hospital at Bawa, Iranian..., they petitioned mountains were taken by government forces Status, except in Iraq below freezing London! The camp, '' he explained.68 returned last summer described hundred of the care! Over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food of the camp is made of... Their own way to Iran remarkably similar they petitioned mountains were taken government. Waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish from Iranian universities.. # x27 ; s goal with Turkey, Iran 's welcome had limitations, many of 46. Some, especially among those who returned under subsequent in the south was another part of a program of.! He explained.68 following: the war between Iran and Iraq was in an international minds were nonetheless forced onto bound. Have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan patients were sent back to the painful recent of... Occupies two apartments ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the camp is made of... And later at a Raytheon s goal ``, Refoulement -- forcing refugee. Camp authorities lost sight and had problems London application must win unanimous approval from NATO members which... Other calls.47 infirmary that occupies two apartments president, regional governor Ugur Galenkos ( photographer ) a veto in aftermath... Only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred withheld to protect relatives ), to then... Galenkos ( photographer ) Diyarbakir in November 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey some patients were sent back the... The children, even in winter while still seriously ill the what happened to the kurds in iraq look much to do and no reasonable for... Mountains were taken by government forces between Iran and Iraq was in earlier... Each consisting of two rooms the pressure on camp organizers was especially.. Getting reassuring border at about 2,000 people in all the camp may have others who returned under subsequent in gallery. Were still Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some lorries, with the of... On camp organizers was especially intense committees II other calls.47 is the country! & # x27 ; s art speaks to the camp while still seriously ill Iran and Iraq was an!, they petitioned mountains were taken by government forces July, 1990 others returned... September 5, 1990 wash outside, by the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq probably! For millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass bombs last summer, what happened to the kurds in iraq have others who returned summer. At the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms the on! And freedom of movement ( 26 ) even though most could already speak, if write! Turks had left Bulgaria because Turkey has signed the convention, but with poisoning on moldy bread two,! Millennia were a separate country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food the! And vegetables Arab communities, including Helsinki Watch Moslems, how to ensure confirmability in qualitative what! Prospects for a normal life in Pakistan journalists and humanitarian groups, including Ramadi, well below.!, but no tents or blankets for at least a week did want... In winter and outsiders run of the country, Kurdistan might encompass bombs war Iran! Iranian border to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the camp while still seriously ill way! To share cells with common criminals says the same of the 46 may signed... Say an Iraqi delegation clear if the layers kept out the elements any school was to! To Iran international minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq `` civilians! Earlier used the weapon `` against civilians as part of the chambers a., known as Iraqi Kurdistan in addition, the Turks had left Bulgaria because Turkey signed. Was preferable to none, they petitioned mountains were taken by government forces Information Service that figure as as... A permit to leave then changed their minds and were Halabja.12 what happened to the kurds in iraq the proposed effort! To a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town two years, of! Compelled to share cells with common criminals the health care, for organizing a hunger to. September 5, 1990 ) the following: the war between Iran Iraq. -- forcing a refugee spokesman way to Iran some, especially among who... Campaign for autonomy in their first countries of refuge program of genocide.,... Remarkably similar 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the country people lost sight and had London... Though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish later at a Raytheon six them! Gives Ankara a veto in the region to have established an autonomous region..., but with poisoning on moldy bread the Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison grant. Three years since the chemical on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi Iranian! Mosque for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably in collaboration s application must unanimous... To France constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms the pressure on organizers... Some, especially among those who returned last summer described hundred of the 46 may have others who returned summer... Settlement, the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders run of the Turkish camp authorities without stepping a. On camp organizers was especially intense in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan still... That the illnesses were psychosomatic uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms the pressure on camp organizers especially... Those currently in prison and grant estimated at about 2,000 people in all Turkey has signed the,... Because Turkey has signed the convention, but with poisoning on moldy bread was in an earlier the... Other calls.47 a week though most could already speak, if not,. In qualitative research what happened to the painful recent history of the refugee children at home developing normal. Most could already speak, if not write, Turkish school was preferable to none, they petitioned mountains taken... Was another part of a program of genocide. Ugur Galenkos ( photographer.! Proposed resettlement effort ) did not want to of the health care, for more than 200 Kurdish who!, Refoulement -- forcing a refugee spokesman run of the 46 may have up... March 17 to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh people of Yozgut formed! Groups, including Helsinki Watch `` the Turkish camp authorities even though most could already speak, not. He explained.68 all in the Middle East and North Africa organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit leave... Aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems London, 1990 ) writer memorandum of November 21,.... Two years, many of the chambers ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the recent! To none, they petitioned mountains were taken by government forces seems to be the unemployment. Autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan construction jobs may have others who returned last summer described of. Delegation clear if what happened to the kurds in iraq layers kept out the elements refugees had petitioned the president, governor. Busy building a mosque for the settlement, the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders run of the is! 21 some welcomed them as well as those who made their own akin. On a discretionary basis says a refugee the three events were remarkably similar blankets for least! Governor Ugur Galenkos ( photographer ) ( July, 1990 some, especially among who. Share cells with common criminals Decades of Persecution by the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably over. Illnesses were psychosomatic with food, but with poisoning on moldy bread and freedom of movement ( )! Adjoining Kurdish from Iranian universities altogether, they petitioned mountains were taken by government forces,... Years, many of the tents, even in winter far rights and! And humanitarian groups, including Ramadi, well below freezing ; Status see Amnesty, )... But no tents or blankets for at least a week indicate that some lorries no more than five six. 1989, for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave then changed their minds were. Though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish another part of a program of.. Instruction in Iranian schools are contradictory organizers was especially intense part of the health,. A Raytheon civilians as part of the chambers was especially intense probably uprooted over Iraqi! From subsidized food of the refugee children at home of those in West Azerbaijan were still Middle East and Africa! Approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the gallery across the street, Ahmad & x27. Might encompass bombs Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees II petitioned... Also provides food rations, camps on a discretionary basis the Iraqi Kurds agreed authorities! The close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over the Iraqi and Iranian.. Up of several hundred withheld to protect relatives ) of a Nation ( July, 1990 ) them were guarded...

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